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Madalyn Murray O'Hair (''née'' Mays; April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= United States Social Security Death Index: Madalyn M Ohair )〕 who also used multiple pseudonyms (her most preferred being M. Bible), was an American atheist activist, founder of American Atheists, and the organization's president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of ''American Atheist Magazine''. One of her sons, Jon Garth Murray, became the nominal president of the organization from 1986 to 1995, but she remained ''de facto'' president during these nine years. O'Hair is best known for the ''Murray v. Curlett'' lawsuit, which led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling ending official Bible-reading in American public schools in 1963. This came just one year after the Supreme Court prohibited officially sponsored prayer in schools in '' Engel v. Vitale''. After she founded the American Atheists and won ''Murray v. Curlett'', she achieved attention to the extent that in 1964 ''Life'' magazine referred to her as "the most hated woman in America". In 1995, O'Hair, her son Jon and granddaughter Robin disappeared from Austin, TX and were kidnapped, murdered and mutilated by David Roland Waters, a convicted felon out on parole, and fellow career criminals Gary Karr and Danny Fry. Waters was an employee of the American Atheists from February 1993 to April 1994, first as a typesetter and later as office manager.〔Seaman, Anne Rowe (2005). ''America’s Most Hated Woman: The Life and Gruesome Death of Madalyn Murray O’Hair.'' New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc. (ISBN 0-8264-1644-6 ), pp. 251, 255, 257. Retrieved 2014-07-13.〕 ==Early and personal life== Madalyn Mays was born in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,〔 on April 13, 1919, to Lena Christina (Scholle) and John Irwin Mays. She had an older brother, John Irwin "Irv" Jr. As an infant, she was baptized into the church as a Presbyterian. In 1936, she graduated from Rossford High School in Rossford, Ohio. In 1941, she married John Henry Roths. They separated when they both enlisted for World War II service, he in the United States Marine Corps, she in the Women's Army Corps. In April 1945, while posted to a cryptography position in Italy, she began a relationship with an officer, William J. Murray, Jr., a married Roman Catholic who refused to divorce his wife. Mays divorced Roths, adopted the name Madalyn Murray, and gave birth to a boy whom she named William J. Murray III (nicknamed "Bill"). In 1949, Murray completed a bachelor's degree from Ashland University.〔 In 1952, she received an LL.B. degree from the then unaccredited South Texas College of Law; however, she failed the bar exam and never practiced law. On November 16, 1954, she gave birth to her second son, Jon Garth Murray, fathered by her boyfriend Michael Fiorillo. She and her children traveled by ship to Europe, planning on defecting to the Soviet embassy in Paris and residing in the Soviet Union, due to that nation's promotion of state atheism. However, the USSR denied them entry.〔 Murray and her sons returned to Baltimore, Maryland in 1960. Murray stated that she worked for 17 years as a psychiatric social worker, and that in 1960 she was a supervisor at the Baltimore public welfare department.〔 She left Maryland in 1963 after allegedly assaulting five Baltimore police officers who tried to retrieve a runaway girl, Bill's girlfriend Susan (who would later be granddaughter Robin's mother).〔 In 1965, she married U.S. Marine and government informant Richard O'Hair.〔 Although the marriage resulted in separation, she remained married to him until his death in 1978.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madalyn Murray O'Hair」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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